Chemistry

Long form of Periodic Table :
Arranged in increasing order of their atomic numbers.
The prediction of properties elements and their compounds can be made with precision. All drawbacks of Mendeleev's Periodic Table vanish when the elements are arranged on the basis of increasing atomic numbers.
Elements in a Group :
(1) They show similar chemical properties due to similar outer electronic configuration, i.e., same number of valence electrons.
(2) They have gradation in properties due to gradually varying attraction of the nucleus and the outer valence electrons as we go down the group.
Main Features of the Long Form of the Periodic Table :
(1) It shows arrangement of elements based on modern periodic law.
(2) There are 18 vertical columns known as groups.
(3) There are 7 horizontal rows known as periods.
(4) Elements having similar outer electronic configurations, i.e., having same valence electrons have been placed in same groups, e.g.,
Group-1

Group-2

Group-13

Group-14

Group-15

Group-16

Group-17

वर्ग-18

(5) (5) In periods, elements in which the number of electrons in the outermost shell increases gradually in step one are placed, e.g.,

(6) Each group in the table signifies identical outer shell electronic configuration i.e., same valence electrons, e.g., group 1 has 1 valence electron, group 2 has 2 valence electrons, group 13 has 3, group 14 has 4 valence electrons.
(7)Each period starts with filling of new shell, e.g.,
1st Period – K shell (1st shell) starts filling with Hydrogen and ends at Helium.
2nd Period – L shell (2nd shell) starts filling from Li (3) upto Ne (10)
3rd Period – M shell (3rd shell) start filling from Na (11) upto Ar (18)
4th Period – N shell (4th shell) starts filling from K (19) upto Kr (36) and so on.
(8) The periodic table is divided in four blocks :
(a) s-block elements : Group 1 and 2 elements are called s-block elements.
(b) p-block elements : Group 13 to 18 elements are called p-block elements
(c) d-block elements : Group 3 to group 12 are called d-block elements or transition elements (in between s- block and p-block elements)
(d) f-block elements : The elements placed at the bottom of the periodic table are known as f-block elements. The fourteen elements after La(57) (Lanthanum) are called Lanthanoides and 14 elements after Actinium Ac (89) are called Actinoides.