History

(iii) A New Conservation after 1815: After the death of Napoleon in 1815 European governments were driven in a spirit of conservatism. It means a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition established institution and customers and preferred gradual development to quick change. Conservation after 1815, in 1815 representatives of the European powers. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Who had collectively detected Napoleon met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. (1) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under, Napoleon. (2) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Geneva was added to Piedmont in the South (3) Prussia was given important territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe. (iv) The Revolutionaries: After 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini : One such was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He subsequently founded two more underground societies first, young Italy and Young Europe, whose members were like minded. Mazzini believed that God had intended to be the natural interest of mankind.